![]() ![]() The Frontal Assessment Battery examines the following cognitive abilities: (a) conceptualization and abstract reasoning, (b) mental flexibility, (c) motor programming and executive control of action, (d) resistance to interference, (e) inhibitory control, and (f) environmental autonomy ( 14). These include the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) ( 12, 13), which is simply used to evaluate the degree of dementia and cognitive abilities such as orientation in time and space, naming, recall, attention, language, and visuo-constructional skills. Several screening tests are used in a clinical setting to guide the evaluation of cognitive ability in AD patients. Neuropathological and neuroimaging studies also suggest that the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe, which are both critical to encoding and storing memory, are affected in early-stage AD ( 7– 11). Impairment of event memory (e.g., someone cannot remember what he had for lunch yesterday) is one of the clinical signs in Alzheimer's disease (AD) ( 1) in addition to executive function ( 2), perceptual speed ( 3), verbal ability ( 4), visuospatial skill ( 5), and attention ( 6). Our results illustrate that AD patients have a one-time event memory better than previously thought. The results revealed the presence of anticipatory looking, although AD patients were unable to verbally report the content of the video. ![]() The present study, using eye tracking, investigated whether AD patients deployed anticipatory looking to target acts related to future events based on previous experience when an identical video was presented to them twice. Therefore, non-verbal methods are essential to evaluate event memory in AD. However, verbal deficiency, one of the other symptoms of AD, may prevent a precise diagnosis of event memory because existing tests are based on verbal instructions by the tester and verbal response from patient. 7Department of Neurology, Okusawa Hospital and Clinics, Tokyo, JapanĪlzheimer's disease (AD) is a disorder in which individuals experience a difficulty in maintaining event memory for when, where, who, and what.6Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan.5Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan.4Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.3College of Comprehensive Psychology, Ritsumeikan University, Osaka, Japan.2Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.1Institute of Cultural Science, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan.Yuki Hanazuka 1,2,3 *, Akinori Futamura 2, Satoshi Hirata 4, Akira Midorikawa 5, Kenjiro Ono 2 and Mitsuru Kawamura 2,6,7 *
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